What is one of the main complications of urban warfare in LSCO?

One of the main complications of urban warfare in Large‑Scale Combat Operations (LSCO) is the presence of dense civilian populations. Urban environments typically have a high concentration of people, which complicates military operations significantly. This challenge arises from the need to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants, placing a premium on the protection of civilian lives. Urban warfare often leads to difficult decisions and tactics because military forces must balance effective operational objectives with the humanitarian obligation to minimize civilian casualties and collateral damage. Consequently, this complexity can affect strategic planning, resource allocation, and engagement rules, making it a critical consideration in urban conflict scenarios.